Virginia Forts

American Forts: East

VIRGINIA

Last Update: 20/JUNE/2026

Compiled by Pete Payette - Š2026 American Forts Network

Fort George (2)
(1755 ?), Leesburg
A very vague reference to a post of this name is made for this area, located at or near a tavern operated by one Nicholas Minor.

Civil War Defenses of Leesburg
(Ball's Bluff Battlefield Regional Park)
(1861 - 1862), Leesburg
Fort Evans, a CSA rectangular work located two miles east of town overlooking Edwards' Ferry. It was later occupied by the Union in March - April 1862. Still exists on the grounds of the Rehau Company at 1501 Edwards' Ferry Road (group tours by appointment). The Battle of Ball's Bluff occurred near here in October 1861. State marker on US 15.
Fort Beauregard (1), a CSA work located two miles southeast of town on Tuscarora Creek, about one and one-half miles southwest of Fort Evans. Built after the Battle of Ball's Bluff, it was later occupied by the Union in March - April 1862. Site located in the gated Beauregard Estates subdivision. A small portion may still exist on top of the hill encircled by Fortress Circle and Beauregard Drive.
Fort Johnston (2), a CSA star fort located one and one-half miles west of town on Catoctin Mountain, on the north side of present VA 7. Built after the Battle of Ball's Bluff, it was later occupied and renamed Fort Geary by the Union in March - April 1862. Traces still exist on private property.
Confederate forces had retaken control of the area by September 1862, but the town changed hands several more times before the end of the war. It is unclear if the three forts saw continued use.

Traces of CSA trenches still exist in Ball's Bluff Park. A 300-foot long, six-foot deep CSA trench also exists on private property spanning Edwards' Ferry Road. About 70 yards of the so-called Masked Battery still exists on Edwards' Ferry Road at Cattail Branch Creek.

CSA Camp Sarah (September 1862) (16th and 24th Regiments Georgia Infantry) was located a few miles from Leesburg (undetermined location).

Bacon's Fort
(1755 - unknown), Philomont
A VA colonial militia defense on Colchester Road, possibly built by a Lt. John Bacon. It was used as a supply base on the wagon road between Winchester and Alexandria.

Guilford Signal Station
(Claude Moore Park - Lanesville Heritage Area)
(1862 - 1864), Sterling
A Union signal station. Marker at scenic overlook along the Little Stoney Mountain nature trail.

(For Defenses of Alexandria and Washington, DC please see page 2)

Civil War Defenses of Centreville
(1861 - 1863), Centreville
The Confederates began fortifying the town before the First Battle of Manassas (July 1861). Centreville Fort, a ten-gun circular or hexagonal fort with extensive earthworks, was built on "Artillery Hill" soon after the battle. Carved and blackened trees were used to resemble cannons (Quaker Guns) in most of the emplacements. "Artillery Hill" was destroyed and levelled in 1943, now the site of Alto Plaza Restaurant (5800 Old Centreville Road). The Union later intermittently occupied the town until September 1861. The Confederate Army of Northern Virginia used the area as part of the winter encampment of October 1861 to March 1862, building six additional earthen forts/redoubts and five miles of earthwork trenches and batteries around the town and towards Union Mills to the south. The eastern line of works ran south from the Apex Fort to Little Rocky Run, and the northern line ran about two miles from the Apex Fort to Big Rocky Run and Cub Run. Camp Harman, Camp Strange, and Camp Hill (1) (October-December 1861) were three of the known named camp sites of the area. One of these camps (or another unnamed camp ?) was concentrated in the area now covered by the Newgate Shopping Center. A small unnamed fort (no remains) was once located at the Centre Square Business Center (5700 Centre Square Drive) off Braddock Road. Fort Johnston (1), once located on the south side of Lee Highway (US 29), was destroyed before 1929 and is now the site of Pickwick Shopping Center. Union troops again reoccupied some of the works after the Second Battle of Manassas (August 1862) to cover their withdrawal to the Washington Defenses, and yet again in October 1863 during the Bristoe Station campaign. State marker at the Centreville Regional Library (14200 St. Germain Drive) at St. Germain Drive and Machen Road.

Component parcels of Historic Centreville Park (county park) include: Mount Gilead Battery (still extant) located on General Johnston Place in Mount Gilead Village, adjacent to Historic Mount Gilead (5634 Mount Gilead Road) along Braddock and Mount Gilead Roads; the Union-built West Fort (2) (aka Chantilly Road Redoubt) (1862) (still extant) on Lawrence Mill Lane at Wharton Lane; Middle Fort (degraded remnants) located at the Covered Way Trail access at 5606-5608 Pickwick Road in the Walney Glen neighborhood ; and Apex Fort (seven guns) (still extant) located at the Covered Way Trail access at 13706-13708 Shelburne Street.

Two Union-built earthwork batteries (1863) (four and five guns) are still extant on Stone Road at Battery Ridge Lane in the Centre Heights area.

The Confederate Fortifications Historic Site (county park) (formerly Union Mills Historic Site) is located adjacent to Westfields Golf Club near Union Mills, about 1.5 miles northwest of the former village, which consists of extant works that protected the McLean's Ford crossing of Bull Run. Component parcels of the park include the remnants of the 1861 - 1862 winter encampmant Camp Early, Battery Hill Redoubt (nine guns), the so-called "A" Fort (for its shape), and an old road trace to McLean's Ford. The 20th Regiment Georgia Infantry was at Camp Early from September 1861 to January 1862. Park access (currently restricted to guided tours) is via a trailhead on Balmoral Greens Avenue near Cannon Fort Drive.

CSA Camp Florida (October-December 1861) (primarily Florida infantry, with some South Carolina and Louisiana units) was located near Centreville (undetermined). Louisiana infantry troops here at that time were relocated to Camp Carondelet (near Manassas) in December.
Camp Centreville (1) (September 1861) (21st Regiment Georgia Infantry) located immediately in front (east) of the town.
Camp Centreville (2) (October 1861 - January 1862) (7th, 8th, 9th, 11th Regiments Georgia Infantry) a brigade camp located on Braddock Road east of town.
Camp Sam Jones (January-March 1862) (7th, 8th, 9th, 11th Regiments Georgia Infantry) a brigade camp located on the east side of Cub Run west of town.
Camp Norman (January-March 1862) (Lane's Battery, 11th Battalion Georgia Light Artillery) located near town (undetermined).
Camp Pendleton (1) (January and February 1862) (11th Battalion Georgia Light Artillery) located one mile from town (undetermined).
Camp Pine Creek (September-October 1861) (camp of Toombs' Brigade, including the 1st Georgia Regulars, and the 2nd, 15th, 17th, 20th Regiments Georgia Infantry) located on the Old Braddock Road near Blevinstown, near Piney Creek, about four miles east of Centreville.
Camp Rocky Run (November 1861) (1st Georgia Regulars, and 2nd and 15th Regiments Georgia Infantry) located on Big Rocky Run west of town, one-half mile east of Camp Steiner.
Camp E. Kirby Smith (November-December 1861) (21st Regiment Georgia Infantry) located near town (undetermined).
Camp Steiner (November-December 1861) (15th Regiment Georgia Infantry) located on Cub Run west of town, one-half mile west of Camp Rocky Run, and about 4.5 miles east of Camp Georgia (4) (near Manassas).
Camp Taylor (September 1861) (camp of Toombs' Brigade, including the 1st Georgia Regulars, and the 2nd and 15th Regiments Georgia Infantry) located one-half mile southeast of town on the Old Braddock Road, near "Taylor's house". This site was reportedly a large Union campsite just days before the First Battle of Manassas (July 1861). The Confederates had found numerous personal effects and large amounts of abandoned equipment scattered throughout the field when they encamped here two months later.

Mitchell's Ford Earthworks
(1861 - 1862), near Manassas Park
CSA earthworks on the south side of Bull Run along Old Centreville Road that protected the railroad crossing. Private property. Marker at Yorkshire Elementary School at corner of Yorkshire Lane and Old Centreville Road.

Camp Carondelet
(1861 - 1862), Manassas Park
CSA winter encampment (December 1861 - March 1862) for several Louisiana troop units, site with marker located in a wooded lot at the end of Cougar Court, near Manassas Park Elementary School. Another Louisiana encampment site (Wheat's Battalion, aka 1st Special Battalion, Louisiana Infantry) (unmarked on private property) was southeast of the main Camp Carondelet site. A third encampment site may also still be extant nearby (unmarked on private property).

A marker and historical display for Union and Confederate "Civil War Winter Quarters" is located in nearby Bull Run Regional Park (Northern VA Regional Park Authority). This may include one or more of the following named Confederate camps. Of interest nearby is Manassas National Battlefield Park.

Camp Forest (1) (January-March 1862) (11th Battalion Georgia Light Artillery), located north or east of Bull Run, just north of Manassas Park. Said to be near Camp Georgia (4).
Camp Georgia (4) (aka Camp Toombs (3)) (December 1861 - March 1862), located west of Bull Run, about one mile south of the battlefield, and about 4.5 miles west of Camp Steiner (near Centreville). This was the main winter camp of Toombs' Brigade, which included the 1st Georgia Regulars, and the 2nd, 15th, 17th, 20th Regiments Georgia Infantry.

Signal Hill (1)
(1861 - 1863), near Manassas
A CSA signal station, also known as Wilcoxen Signal Station, located on Signal View Drive, across from the entrance to Signal Bay Waterpark, just east of the city limits. The hill was treeless at the time, foregoing the need for a tower, which offered excellent sight lines in all directions. Site still exists, with monument and marker. Abandoned in March 1862, and used by the Union afterwards in August 1862 and October 1863. This was the location of the first use of the semaphone (wigwag flag) signalling system during combat, during the Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) in July 1861.

Three other signal stations were set up by the Confederates before the First Battle of Manassas, including Artillery Hill in Centreville (abandoned as Union troops advanced through); Wilmer McLean's house "Yorkshire" (south of McLean's Ford) which was used as CS field Headquarters by General P.G.T. Beauregard; and the Van Pelt Signal Station at the Stone Bridge.

Civil War Defenses of Manassas
(Manassas Museum System)
(1861 - 1864), Manassas
Union Cannon Branch Fort (1864) is preserved along the railroad on the western side of town (on a knoll above Cannon Branch Creek near the airport, at 10611 Gateway Blvd.).

Confederate Mayfield Fort has been reconstructed along the railroad on the eastern side of town (at 8401 Quarry Road). This is the last remaining of anywhere from eleven to seventeen Confederate forts and redoubts (depending on the source) that protected this important railroad junction, all built beginning in May 1861. The area was abandoned by the Confederates in March 1862. Held by the Union in October 1863 and later through 1864. The town was later developed around the railroad junction beginning in the 1870's.
Fort Beauregard (2) was once located near the vicinity of Fort Drive and Portner Ave.. It was reoccupied briefly by Confederate troops in August 1862 during the skirmish around Bull Run Bridge (part of the Second Manassas campaign). It was leveled for development in the 1960's (now the site of Battlefield Ford Commercial Truck Center and the adjacent Bowl America Manassas).

Various named Confederate camps in the area included:
Camp Pickens (1861 - 1862) was the main troop encampment prior to the First Battle of Manassas (July 1861). Located over one mile from Manassas Junction, on the road to Centreville. Most of the present-day City of Manassas Historic District encompases the site of the former encampment grounds. The initial defensive entrenchments here were armed with twenty-two 32-pounder naval guns, in nine separate emplacements, that were obtained earlier after the capture of the Norfolk (Gosport) Navy Yard. Many units from different states were here early in the war, including the 14th Regiment Georgia Infantry (December 1862), 19th Regiment Georgia Infantry (September-November 1861), 27th Regiment Georgia Infantry (December 1861 - March 1862), and 28th Regiment Georgia Infantry (December 1861 - March 1862).
Camp Barton (1861) undetermined location.
Camp Bartow (1) (July-September 1861) (7th, 8th, 9th, 11th, and 20th Regiments Georgia Infantry), located two and one-half miles northeast of town, near "Smith's house" and the railroad line.
Camp Cutts (July-September 1861) (11th Battalion Georgia Light Artillery), located one mile east of Manassas Junction.
Camp Johnston (September 1861) (17th Regiment Georgia Infantry), located near town (undetermined).
Camp Mercer (2) (August 1861) (21st Regiment Georgia Infantry), located near Manassas Junction.
Camp Pryor (November 1861) (19th Regiment Georgia Infantry), located near town (undetermined).
Camp A.H. Stephens (November 1861 - March 1862) (21st Regiment Georgia Infantry), located near town (undetermined). The dates for this camp overlap with Camp Walker (2) (possibly same ?).
Camp Victory (July 1861) (8th Regiment Georgia Infantry), located near a hospital camp near town (undetermined).
Camp Walker (1) (August-September 1861) (a camp for part of Toombs' Brigade, including the 1st Georgia Regulars, and 2nd and 15th Regiments Georgia Infantry) located about four miles from Manassas Junction on the road to Alexandria, near quarries of red stone.
Camp Walker (2) (December 1861 - March 1862), located about one and one-half miles from town on the northern side of the railroad. The 21st Regiment Georgia Infantry was here in January-March 1862. Possibly the same as Camp Walker (1) (?) and/or Camp A.H. Stephens (?).

Camp Field (January 1862) (Company A, Georgia Hussars (cavalry), aka Company F, Jeff Davis Legion (Mississippi) cavalry), location unknown, presumably somewhere within Prince William County.

Camp Wright (1)
(1861), near Gainesville
A CSA camp (September 1861) (21st Regiment Georgia Infantry) located near town.

Bristoe Station
(1863 - 1864), Bristow
Two Union stockades protected the railroad bridge over Broad Run, both about 80 by 25 feet.

The Battle of Bristoe Station was fought in October 1863. Bristoe Station Battlefield Heritage Park is at 10708 Bristow Road.

Kettle Run Stockade
(1864), near Nokesville
A Union stockaded encampment protected the railroad bridge over Kettle Run. A battle was fought here earlier in August 1862. Marker located at corner of Nokesville Road (VA 28) and Aden Road.

Camp Cedar Run
(1862), near Brentsville ?
A CSA camp (October 1862) (17th Regiment Georgia Infantry) located on Cedar Run south of Manassas.

Fort Nelson (4)
(1863 - 1864), Warrenton
A Union stockaded encampment.

Tanxsnitania
(c. 1600), Fauquier White Sulphur Springs
A major Manahoac Indian town noted on John Smith's map of 1608. Probable site located at the river bend just upstream from the Springs Road bridge (County Rt. 802). Unknown if palisaded. The Manahoacs here relocated to Manakin Town on the James River in 1654, after constant raids by northern Iroquois Indians (see page 9).

Camp Toombs (4)
(1862), Fauquier White Sulphur Springs
A CSA camp (March 1862) (15th Regiment Georgia Infantry) located at the Warrenton Springs resort, which was used as troop barracks. The resort was also used as a hospital by both sides during the war.

Rappahannock Station
(1862 - 1864), Remington
Two CSA two-gun redoubts (1862) with connecting earthworks were located on the north bank of the river upstream of the railroad bridge. They were captured by the Union in November 1863. Traces of one redoubt may still exist, between present US 29 Business and the railroad. A Union stockaded winter encampment was then built near town in December 1863, in use until the spring of 1864. (To the north of here is a Fort Union Drive.) On the south bank of the river in Culpeper County the Union built two redoubts and a blockhouse to protect the railroad crossing.

Kelly's Ford Earthworks
(1863), Kelly's Ford
Union rifle pits and trench lines still exist along the north side of the Rappahannock River. Traces of CSA earthworks still exist on the south side of the river, located on the grounds of the Inn at Kelly's Ford. Scene of battles in March, June, and November 1863.

Germantown Fort
(1719 - 1721 ?), Germantown
A palisaded settlement of 12 German families that moved away from Fort Germanna (see page 3). Site located along Licking Run. A land grant was issued to them in 1724 by Thomas Fairfax.

Catlett Station
(1864), Catlett
A Union stockaded encampment protected the railroad bridge over Cedar Run.

Brent Town Fort
(1687 - 1694 ?), near Sowego
A blockhouse located on the south side of Town Run at the settlement established by George Brent. Also called Brenton. The settlement failed after the death of Brent in 1694.

Camp Bally
(1918), near Colchester
A U.S. Army 300-man tent camp housing the 28th Engineer Regiment (Quarry), located on the farmland of John McElroy. Also known as Camp McElroy. Active from April to August 1918, the regiment trained in all aspects of rock quarry operations at the nearby Lorton Workhouse at the old Occoquan Quarry for building roads and railroad beds before shipping out to France.

White House Point Battery
(1814), Fort Belvoir
A temporary U.S. Naval battery with 13 guns and trenchworks, set up to harrass the British fleet sailing downriver after attacking Alexandria in September 1814. Now called Whitestone Point. No remains. Public access to presumed site is restricted. (see also Indian Head Battery in MARYLAND)

Fort Belvoir (U.S. Military Reservation)
(1918 - present), Fort Belvoir FORT WIKI
An Army Corps of Engineers training camp and replacement center, later a demobilization center. Originally named Camp Humphreys (2). Renamed Fort Humphreys in 1922. Renamed again in 1935. A four-gun 120mm AA battery was located on post (Gum Springs) in 1951 - 1958. The U.S. Army Engineer School was located here from 1918 until 1988 before transferring to Fort Leonard Wood, Missouri. The U.S. Army Engineer Museum was located here until 1989 before also transferring to Fort Leonard Wood. Future site of the National Museum of the U.S. Army. State marker on US 1. On the post reservation is the archaeological site of "Belvoir", William Fairfax's manor estate built in 1741. It was burned in 1783.

Occoquan Winter Encampment
(1861 - 1862), Woodbridge
Various named Confederate winter camp sites along the Occoquan River included:
Camp Johnson (2) (January-March 1862) (19th Regiment Georgia Infantry), located near Occoquan.
Camp Davis (3) (December 1861 - February 1862) (14th Regiment Georgia Infantry), located on the Occoquan River about two miles below Bull Run.

Neabsco Creek Winter Encampment
(1861 - 1862), Woodbridge
Several CSA fortified winter camp sites were located along Neabsco Creek, the winter encampment area of Wigfall's Brigade. Located along Telegraph Road (present-day US 1). Generally known as Camp Wigfall (1) (September 1861 - March 1862), primarily by the 4th Regiment Texas Infantry. The 18th Regiment Georgia Infantry camp was also here on Neabsco Creek from December 1861 to March 1862, as well as the camp of Thornton's Cavalry (Virginia). Marker located at the Prince William County Government Building at 15941 Donald Curtis Drive. New marker on Neabsco Road at the Julie Metz Wetlands Trailhead parking lot, near Leesylvania Elementary School.

The camps of the 5th Regiment Texas Infantry and the Waco Guards (Texas) (cavalry) were located just south on Powell's Creek. Further upstream near present-day Lake Montclair was Camp Fisher (a) (September 1861 - March 1862) (6th Regiment North Carolina Infantry), marker located on Waterway Drive just south of Larkspur Lane; and Camp Fisher (b) (October 1861 - March 1862) (2nd and 11th Regiments Mississippi Infantry), marker located off of Waterway Drive, directly across from the Montclair Golf and Tennis Club.

Freestone Point Battery
(Leesylvania State Park)
(1861), near Woodbridge
A well-preserved CSA four-gun battery on the shore of the Potomac River, located along a short walking trail in the park. This was mainly a decoy battery used to mask the presence of the larger Cockpit Point Battery to the south. The park's visitor center has a small museum with artifacts and history of the site. Admission fee.

Cockpit Point Battery
(Cockpit Point Battlefield Heritage Park)
(1861 - 1862), Dumfries
A CSA work located halfway between Freestone Point and Quantico, it consisted of six guns (one heavy gun) in three distinct batteries, a powder magazine, and rear-facing rifle pits, on top of a 75-foot high cliff known as "Possum Nose". The earthworks and the powder magazine still remain in good shape. Some hut sites can also still be found. The 16-acre site was recently acquired by the Prince William County Historic Preservation Division. Marker on Cockpit Point Road. A field battery was located on the actual geographic Cockpit Point, but that site was destroyed in the 1970's for a landfill project.

Camp Quantico
(1861 - 1862), near Dumfries
A CSA winter encampment (mostly Texas infantry) on Quantico Creek just east of town. Marker located at William's Ordinary (1765) in town, at 17674 Main Street, which was used as the local headquarters for the area encampments.

CSA Camp Law (4th Regiment Alabama Infantry) was just west of town.

Civil War Defenses of Quantico
(1861 - 1862), Quantico
Shipping Point Battery, actually two separate batteries with a total of 11 or 12 guns, was located at the site of the old Quantico Naval Hospital (1939) (aka Hospital Point). No remains. Site now the USMC Systems Command complex.
Evansport Battery, located downtown, was actually two adjacent batteries on the river bank, and another 400 yards inland on Waller (Rising) Hill protected with several rifle pits. Two large earth-covered magazines were also located to the rear of Waller Hill. No remains. A marker and gun display (2008) are on Waller Hill. The old Quantico Hotel was built here in 1871, became the USMC Waller Hall Officers' Club in 1918, closed in 1968 and was razed in 1970.
Chopawamsic Battery was located at the mouth of Chopawamsic Creek. No remains. Camp Chopawamsic (1st Regiment Tennessee Infantry) was also here. The mouth of Chopawamsic Creek was rerouted in 1930-31 due to the construction of the Quantico MCAF runway (Turner Field). A CSA field battery was located where the creek now empties to the Potomac River.
All works were destroyed and abandoned by the Confederates in March 1862.

Additional CSA encampments located at or in the vicinity of Evansport included Camp Holmes (Arkansas and North Carolina infantry), Camp French (November 1861 - March 1862) (35th Regiment Georgia Infantry) one mile from the river, and Camp Dave Curran (North Carolina infantry). Various other infantry and cavalry units from Florida, Tennessee, Maryland, and Virginia also occupied several other unnamed encampment sites and picket posts.

Quantico Marine Corps Base (U.S. Military Reservation)
(History of Quantico MCB)
(1917 - present), Quantico
Originally established as Quantico Marine Barracks, renamed in 1948 to Quantico Marine Corps School, renamed again in 1968 as Quantico MCB. The original post was greatly expanded by 50,000 additional acres in 1942. The post is a major training command where many wartime fighting techniques and concepts have been developed. On post is the USMC Command and Staff College, the Marine Corps University, the Marine Corps War College, the USMC Officer Candidate School, and other various schools. Turner Field was built in 1931, replacing the smaller Brown Field from 1919. It was renamed Quantico Marine Corps Air Facility in 1941. Naval seaplanes were also based here before WWII. Post WWII training camps located within the reservation included Camp Goettge and Camp Upshur (both 1950), and Camp Onville (1951) (renamed Camp Barrett in 1952). The F.B.I. Academy and forensics laboratory has been located on post since 1939, and the D.E.A. Training Academy was located here in 1999. The National Museum of the Marine Corps (2006) is located off post on US 1, which replaced the former Marine Corps Air-Ground Museum on post that closed in 2002.

Camp Clifton
(1861 - 1862), near Mountjoy Store
A CSA winter camp used by Virginia infantry troops for the defense of Aquia Landing to the south, located at and around the old Clifton Church about one mile from the present-day intersection of Stafford County Rts. 611 and 635.

Aquia Creek Defenses
(Aquia Landing Park)
(1861 - 1863), near Aquia Landing
Confederate defenses built here in 1861 included:
Naval Battery #1 (originally four guns, later seven guns) at Aquia Landing, it was the very first Confederate fortification built in Virginia after hostilities broke out in April 1861. It was built to cover the Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac Railroad terminus at the steamboat landing, not the ship channel in the Potomac River. At least two of the original guns came from captured stores at the Norfolk Navy Yard. The first engagement with Union ships occurred in May 1861. No remains.
Walker's Battery was on a hill one mile south of the boat landing, consisting of four rifled field guns. Took part in the May 1861 engagement. The guns were relocated to Brent's Point in June 1861. Most likely reused by the Union in 1863. Still exists, marked on trail off of Brooke Road at Patawomeck Band Memorial Park.
Brent's Point Battery (four field guns) was across Aquia Creek from the boat landing. Built in June 1861. Remnants still exist on private property.
Fort McLean was nearby on the bluff west of the boat landing, originally built in June 1861. Reused/reworked by the Union in February 1863 (Redoubt #2(a)). Possibly named by the Union (?). Still exists on private property near the western end of Brooke Ridge Lane.
Windmill (Marlborough) Point Battery (five guns) a field battery. No remains.
Camp Gary (1861) at Aquia Landing.
Aquia Landing was abandoned in March 1862 to Union forces. The first use of nautical mines (torpedoes) in the Civil War occurred here in July 1861 by the CSA.

Union forts built here in February 1863:
Redoubt #1 a 60-foot square moated work (for 100 men) (no guns) on Aquia Creek northwest of the depot, located off of Payne's Lane. Private property. The moat was infilled during the 1950's, making the site unrecognizeable.
Redoubt #2(b) (aka Courthouse Road Fort) (two guns) a 95-foot square moated two-gun work (for 200 men) at the eastern end of present-day County Rt. 630 (Courthouse Road) on Old Fort Lane. Still exists in good condition on private property.
Redoubt #3 a 50-foot square moated work (for 100 men) on Rose Hill. Three guns were emplaced outside the fort. Destroyed in 2005. Stone monument erected in 2006, located on Sentinel Ridge Lane.
A Union winter encampment site for an 800-man reserve force (1862 - 1863) (part of the XII Corps, Army of the Potomac) was located between Redoubt #2(b) and the depot. Hutment traces still remain in the Brooke Ridge neighborhood.
Camp Bramhall (1863) was near Aquia Landing.
Camp Smith (1) (1863) was near Stafford Court House, where other elements of the XII Corps were also encamped.
Windmill Point General Hospital (1863) was located at Marlborough Point.
Aquia Landing became a major Union supply depot in 1862 - 1863 until the Gettysburg campaign forced its abandonment in June 1863. The Aquia Landing Depot site is now a Stafford County park and beach. The actual fort and battery sites are all on private property.

Potomac Creek Archaeological Site
(1300 - 1600), near Marlboro Point
A Late Woodland Period palisaded Potomeck Indian town located at Indian Point where Accokeek and Potomac Creeks converge. Site was excavated in 1965. Patawomeck, the later town that was noted on John Smith's map of 1608, was nearby, but that site has been almost completely eroded away. Pocahontas was kidnapped here by Samuel Argall in 1613, and brought back to Jamestown by ship. The town was already abandoned (1615 ?) before white settlement began in the area in 1635.

Camp Maury
(1861), Brooke
A CSA recruiting and training camp.

Brooke Station Fort
(1863), Brooke
A Union 75-foot square moated work. Possibly still exists (?) on private property.

Accokeek Creek Bridge
(1863), near Brooke
A Union 30-foot square redoubt (for 100 men) (two guns) was on the high ground protecting the railroad bridge over the creek. A smaller redoubt (for 25 men) was at the other end of the bridge.

Accokeek Creek Winter Encampment
(Stafford Civil War Park)
(1862 - 1863), near Brooke
A Union winter encampment area south of Accokeek Creek west of the village, used by the XI Corps, Army of the Potomac. Three extant Union earthwork batteries (built February 1863) and two log-hut encampment sites are located on a 25-acre site within the present-day Stafford County park on Mount Hope Church Road. Battery One is 248-feet long with two gun platforms and a nine-foot pit that was possibly a blockhouse or magazine, surrounded by a zig-zag trench and rifle pits. Battery Two is 210-feet long and possibly held four guns. Battery Three was a large six-gun work with a dug-in blockhouse/magazine. A small portion of Battery Four also exists, but is outside the present park boundary. Well-preserved traces of a pine-log corduroy road are also extant within the park.

Potomac Creek Bridge
(Potomac Creek Bridge Historic Site)
(1863), Daffan
The Union protected the vital Potomac Creek railroad bridge with a 50-foot square infantry redoubt (for 75 men) on the high ground, a two-gun five-sided redoubt about 40 yards long (for 75 men) on the lower ground, a 16-foot square blockhouse (for 30 men) on the north bank of the creek, a semi-circular earthwork to cover the blockhouse (still exists, private property), and a stockade (for 50 men) toward the river at the south end of the bridge. Marker and the southern stone bridge abutments are located in a small park on Leland Road.

Union winter encampment sites (1862 - 1863) of the V Corps, Army of the Potomac, were (are ?) also located in the vicinity. Camp Sickles (1863) was near the Potomac Creek Bridge.

Waugh Point Batteries
(1862), Waugh Point
Two CSA earthwork batteries covering the entrance to Potomac Creek, located on the south shore opposite Indian Point.

Potomac Creek Battery
(1861), near Belvedere Beach
A CSA shore battery on the eastern side of Passapatanzy Creek, covering Fooke's Landing and the entrance to Potomac Creek.

Belle Plain Winter Encampment
(1862 - 1863, 1864), Belle Plain
A Union winter encampment area around Belle Plain Landing on Potomac Creek, and extended east into King George County to Waugh Point. Used by the I Corps, Army of the Potomac. Named camp sites include Camp Isabella and Camp Way (1863).

A supply depot was established in May 1864 at Belle Plain Landing during the Wilderness-Spotsylvania campaign, but it was soon abandoned in favor of a new depot at City Point on the James River as the Union forces moved south towards Richmond and Petersburg.

White Oak Winter Encampment
(1862 - 1863), White Oak
A large Union winter encampment area, used by the VI Corps, Army of the Potomac, part of which was known as Camp Seldon (spring 1863). Of interest here is the White Oak Museum at 985 White Oak Road, which has a reconstruction of the crude log huts, and artifacts and exhibits of all the known military encampments of the area. Admission fee.

Camp Cary
(1861), near Chatham Heights
A CSA recruiting and training camp near Claiborne's Run, between present-day Ferry Road (County Rt. 606) and White Oak Road (VA 218).

Falmouth Winter Encampment
(1862 - 1863), near Falmouth
A large Union winter encampment area (November 1862 - June 1863), used by the II, III, and IX Corps, Army of the Potomac, encompassing several concentrated areas including Grafton (formerly Falmouth Station) (III Corps), Chatham Heights (IX Corps), and Ferry Farm (IX Corps).
Camp Humphreys (1) was located along present-day Forbes Street.
Camp Pitcher (1863) undetermined location.

Fredericksburg Powder Magazine and Depot
(1777 - 1781), Falmouth
A state militia powder magazine and supply depot for the Continental Army. James Hunter's Iron Works (aka Rappahannock Forge) (1759) was nearby, which was an important supplier to the Continental Army and Navy, and was garrisoned by soldiers in 1781.

Rappahannock River Fort
(1703), Fredericksburg
A settlers' stockaded fort that was attacked and burned by Manahoac (Mahock) Indians during some kind of dispute. Other buildings were also burned before the Indians crossed the river into Stafford County and destroyed buildings there owned by a Col. Carter. Pursued by the colonial militia, the remnants of the Manahoac tribe later merged with the Monacans to the south. Exact location undetermined, possibly the same site as Lawrence Smith's Fort (see below). Fredericksburg was founded and named in 1728.

Fredericksburg Battlefields
(Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania Battlefields National Military Park)
(1862 - 1864), Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania County
The First Battle of Fredericksburg was fought in December 1862. The Second Battle of Fredericksburg was fought in May 1863. Located in town on Marye's Heights were the CSA two-gun Double Lunette Battery (or Marye's Heights Fort) (1862 - 1863), briefly captured by the Union in the Second Battle; CSA one-gun Landry's Lunette Battery (1862 - 1863), converted to two guns in 1863; and CSA Norcom's Redoubts (1863) two one-gun works on Byram's Hill (now part of University of Mary Washington campus). All earthworks on Marye's Heights survived the war, but were plowed under by the 1880's. The remnants of one of Norcom's Redoubts still remain on the UMW campus behind Jefferson Hall. Within the battlefield park are about five miles of extant CSA earthworks from Lee's Hill to Hamilton's Crossing, mostly constructed after the First Battle concluded.

Union works were the Hazel Run Blockhouse (1862), a one-story wooden structure with loopholes, located on the west side of the railroad on the south side of the creek, and also two other similarly built blockhouses located at both the Middle Pontoon Crossing (1862, built on a wharf, destroyed by a flood) and the Upper Pontoon Crossing (1862 - 1863). No remains.

Also once located in town was Confederate Camp Mercer (1) (1861 - 1862), a recruiting and training camp located at the former Mercer Square, the town's former fairgrounds before the Civil War.

Extensive Confederate and Union earthwork trench lines and gun pits were/are located on the surrounding battlefields in various locations, including Chancellorsville (April 1863), The Wilderness (May 1864), Todd's Tavern (May 1864), and Spotsylvania Court House (May 1864).

Various named Confederate encampments located in or near the city included (locations undetermined unless noted):
Camp Anna (April-May 1863) (16th Regiment Georgia Infantry), located about six miles from the city.
Camp at Banks' Ford (May 1863) (Phillips' Legion (Georgia), Infantry Battalion), located at Banks' Ford on the south side of the Rappahannock River, about 4.5 miles upriver from the city.
Camp Bartow (3) (March 1862) (Hampton's Brigade, including the 14th and 19th Regiments Georgia Infantry).
Camp Fredericksburg (1) (January-June 1863) (53rd Regiment Georgia Infantry).
Camp at Fredericksburg (2) (aka Camp McLaws (2)) (March-April and May 1863) (Phillips' Legion (Georgia), Infantry Battalion), located on Telegraph Road (present-day Lafayette Blvd. (US 1 Business)) about six miles from the city.
Camp at Fredericksburg (3) (June 1863) (Phillips' Legion (Georgia), Infantry Battalion), located one mile above the city.
Camp Ida (January 1863) (8th Regiment Georgia Infantry).
Camp Janie (November-December 1862) (Troup Artillery (Georgia)), located on Howison's Hill (just south of Lee's Hill), south of Hazel Run.
Camp Marion (2) (April 1864) (Cobb's Legion (Georgia), Cavalry Battalion).
Camp Paulina (May 1863) (Troup Artillery (Georgia)).
Camp Pinewood (aka Camp Pine Thicket) (January-April 1863) (11th Battalion Georgia Light Artillery).
Camp Wigfall (2) (April 1863) (Hood's Brigade, including the 18th Regiment Georgia Infantry).
Camp Yeaby (January 1863) (8th Regiment Georgia Infantry).

Camp Cobb
(1898), Fredericksburg
A Spanish-American War training camp at Gunnery Springs for the "Immunes" recruited into the 4th U.S. Volunteer Infantry Regiment. Site located at the present-day City Office of Student Services at Gunnery Road and Dunmore Street. State marker at site.

This was originally the location of the Fredericksburg Gun Manufactory (1775 - 1783), the first state-run arsenal in the nation. The principal product was a version of the British Brown Bess musket.

Fort Hood (2)
(1862), near Greenfield
Located on the Rappahannock River just downriver from Fredericksburg, one mile upstream from the mouth of Massaponax Creek. It was a seven-gun CSA earthwork built to prevent Union gunboats from proceeding upriver. The Union captured it in December 1862, one month after it was built, but did not remove the guns. The earthworks still remain in good condition, but overgrown. Site located on private property, near Cosner Park. State marker located on US 17 / VA 2 at Benchmark Road.

Major Lawrence Smith's Fort
(1676 - 1682), near Greenfield
A VA colonial militia blockhouse built on the south side of the Rappahannock River opposite Little Falls Run. Garrisoned by 50 men. Also here was a 60-foot by 22-foot warehouse and a ten-foot square powder magazine. Site now on the grounds of the Fredericksburg Country Club, near the 10th hole of the golf course. Marker on US 17 / VA 2.

Massaponax Creek Winter Encampment
(1862 - 1863), near Four Mile Fork
Various elements of the CSA Army of Northern Virginia spent the winter of 1862-63 at several sites along present-day US 1 (Lafayette Blvd.), County Rt. 636 (Mine Road), and along the north side of Massaponax Creek south of Fredericksburg. Camp Paxton was located at Hamilton's Crossing on the railroad line.

Camp Caroline (1)
(1862), near Massaponax Church ?
A CSA cavalry camp (May 1862) (Cobb's Legion (Georgia), Cavalry Battalion), possibly located in the area of Massaponax Church, south of Fredericksburg along present-day US 1.

Camp Anderson
(1862), near Guinea Station
A CSA camp (April-May 1862) (45th Regiment Georgia Infantry) located within a half-mile of Guinea Station, about 12 miles south of Fredericksburg.

CSA Camp Rescue (1863) was located nearby, also along the railroad. The 3rd Regiment Georgia Infantry (Company K) was here March-April 1863, and the 22nd Regiment Georgia Infantry was here February-April 1863, in winter hutments recently vacated by other troops.

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